Notes
Please note that if a command does not include sudo, it means that sudo is not required.
This distinction is important because some software may be installed system-wide, while other software should be installed only for the current user. Using sudo incorrectly may cause installation problems.
This guide reflects the software and system environment available at the time of writing. I will try to keep it as complete and up to date as possible, but operating systems and packages can change quickly, so this guide may not cover every possible situation.
If you encounter any issues, please remember to search online for the latest information.
Thank you.
Last updated: 2025-11-06
ISO Downloads
https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop
https://www.fedoraproject.org/kde/download/
This guide currently focuses primarily on Fedora.
Filesystem Structure
Files and Permissions
| Type | Example Path | Shared | Owner | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| System programs | /usr/bin/zsh, /usr/bin/code |
Yes | root | Shared by all users |
| System-wide configuration | /etc/profile |
Yes | root | Loaded when users log in |
| New user template | /etc/skel |
N/A | root | Copied when a new account is created with useradd |
| User home directories | /home/* |
No | Individual user | Isolated between users |
| root home directory | /root |
No | root | Used only by the root user |
| Shared themes / plugins | /usr/share/oh-my-zsh/ |
Yes | root | Shared system-wide |
| System-wide input method configuration | /etc/profile.d/ime.sh |
Yes | root | Applied to all users when they log in |
| Per-user input method configuration | ~/.config/{ibus,fcitx}/ |
No | Individual user | Stores user-specific preferences |
| Zsh history file | ~/.zsh_history |
No | Individual user | Stores only that user’s command history |
System Update
Ubuntu
Run:
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
Fedora
Run:
sudo dnf update
During the first update, you may see a message similar to the following:
# Example message
Importing GPG key 0xFD431D51:
Userid : "Fedora (42) <fedora@fedoraproject.org>"
Fingerprint: 1234 5678 ABCD EFGH AB12 90D4 1AC3 78D8 FD43 1D51
From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora-42-x86_64
Is this ok [y/N]:
Please visit the following page and verify that the GPG key is correct:
https://fedoraproject.org/security